Physicist John Cardy and his colleague just won the 2024 Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics. We spoke with Cardy about conformal field theory, 2D black holes and coffee filters
What happens when matter transitions from one phase to another—a solid to a liquid or a liquid to a gas? Describing these critical points precisely, in solvable mathematical terms, is no simple feat. And for theoretical physicist John Cardy, work in this area has led to insights into everything from the way fluids percolate through a network of pores to calculations of the entropy of black holes.
Scientific American caught up with Cardy, an emeritus fellow at All Souls College of the University of Oxford, to talk about the work that earned the 2024 prize.I’m very, very pleased that the Breakthrough committee has chosen to recognize my work in this particular way. I don’t work in particle physics or cosmology; I work in condensed matter physics.
We don't really think about something such as phase transitions in fluids flowing through a network of pores such as a coffee filter. What is the phase transition that occurs in this situation? In a wider filter, there are more potential paths for the fluid to take. If it is taller, however, each path has to go farther.
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