“In a moment when lawmakers are actively outlawing Black history in schools, it is important to think about how the past can help us make sense of the present and chart a course for a better future.” BlackHistoryMonth
are considered the mothers of the movement. House, a former slave-turned-washerwoman in Rutherford County, Tennessee, was privy to debates over the importance of Black labor during and after the Civil War. In 1891, when an agent came to nearby Nashville selling a pamphlet called “Freedmen’s Pension Bill: A Plea for American Freedman,” House found a political movement she could get behind.
Because of their success, the federal government began a targeted attack on the Pension Association and, on Callie House in particular. The U.S. postmaster argued that by soliciting support and membership dues, House and others had used the mail to defraud former slaves of their money. The reparations leader fought back valiantly but was indicted in 1916 and convicted of mail fraud in 1917.
Moore also theorized and published different potential approaches to economic redistribution. In each plan, she suggested that the government pay a predetermined amount to the descendants of slaves with no restrictions on how that money could be spent. Moore argued that reparations worked best when each recipient could use the funds to repair and advance their lives as they saw fit.
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