Have you ever sat around and wondered how 2D materials expand? Me either, but if you have--then a team of researchers may have solved the
, then a team of researchers may have solved the answer to the question. First, 2D materials consist of just a single layer of atoms that can be densely packed together, unlike conventional materials. The applications that can benefit from 2D materials are things like transistors, solar cells, LEDs, and other devices that can run faster and perform better.
“When people measure the thermal expansion coefficient for some bulk material, they use a scientific ruler or a microscope because, with bulk material, you have the sensitivity to measure them. The challenge with a 2D material is that we cannot really see them, so we need to turn to another type of ruler to measure the TEC,” says Yang Zhong, a graduate student in mechanical engineering.
Co-authors of the study include senior author Evelyn N. Wang, the Ford Professor of Engineering and head of the MIT Department of Mechanical Engineering, as well as others from the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT and the Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering at Southern University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen, China.
But, the atoms of the 2D material change in vibration as the surface stretches or contracts. To focus on the material’s specific qualities, the researchers attempted to separate this surface influence. On three different substrates — copper, which has a high TEC; fused silica, which has a low TEC; and a silicon substrate with several microscopic holes — they measured the vibrational frequency of the same 2D material to achieve this.
They repeated this test on a bunch of 2D materials and found that every one of them matched the calculations. But the researchers discovered something unexpected: 2D materials were arranged in a hierarchy according to the components that make them up. For instance, the TEC of a 2D material containing molybdenum is always higher than that of a material containing tungsten.
“An engineer can just search the periodic table, get the electronegativities of the corresponding materials, plug them into our correlation equation and within a minute they can have a reasonably good estimation of the TEC. This is very promising for rapid materials selection for engineering applications,” Zhang says.
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