The same physics that makes quantum computers powerful also makes them finicky. New techniques aim to correct errors faster than they can build up
It is a law of physics that everything that is not prohibited is mandatory. Errors are thus unavoidable. They are everywhere: in language, cooking, communication, image processing and, of course, computation. Mitigating and correcting them keeps society running. You can scratch a DVD yet still play it. QR codes can be blurred or torn yet are still readable. Images from space probes can travel hundreds of millions of miles yet still look crisp.
There I devoted myself to improving operations among multiple linked qubits and exploring how to correct errors. By combining qubits through a quantum phenomenon called entanglement, we can store vast amounts of information collectively, much more than the same number of ordinary computer bits can. Because qubit states are in the form of waves, they can interfere, just as light waves do, leading to a much richer landscape for computation than just flipping bits.
It was not clear, however, how to adapt classical methods of error correction to quantum computers. Quantum information cannot be copied; to correct errors, we need to collect information about them through measurement. The problem is, if you check the qubits, you can collapse their state—that is, you can destroy the quantum information encoded in them.
But soon physicists discovered that anyons were not so esoteric after all; in fact they have connections to real-world phenomena. To complete their migration from theory to the practical needs of technology, Alexei Kitaev of the California Institute of Technology realized that anyons are a useful formulation for quantum computation. He further proposed using certain systems of many particles as quantum error correction codes.
A transmon qubit relies on oscillating currents traveling around an electrical circuit of superconducting wire. The qubit 0 and 1 values correspond to different superpositions of electric charge. To perform operations on the qubit, we apply pulses of microwave energy at a specific frequency. We have some flexibility in what frequency we choose, and we set it when we fabricate the qubit, choosing different frequencies for different qubits to be able to address them individually.
Quantum engineers have two options. We could make peace with the large overhead—the extra qubits and gates—as the cost of a simpler architecture and work to understand and optimize the different factors contributing to the cost. Alternatively, we could continue to seek better codes.
If the entire universal set of quantum gates were transversal, life would be easy. But a fundamental theorem states that no quantum error correction code can perform universal computation using only transversal gates. We can’t have everything in life—or in quantum error correction.
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