Even a single application of a common neonicotinoid pesticide can harm exposed bees and their offspring
Blue orchard bees make their nests in holes excavated by other insects, tree cavities, or sometimes in the ground. Females lay multiple eggs, each in its own clay chamber, making walls by mixing up mud to form clay passageways.
While this insecticide is usually applied to crops such as almonds after blooming, Stuligross replied that these insecticides are used year-round in agricultural environments—and research shows that blue orchard bees in almond groves, for example, are still being exposed to imidacloprid during their short adult lives at levels seen in this study.
Peterson adds the bees may also be getting some exposure through the soil, since these insects use mud for their nests. Blue orchard bee foraging on the native wildflower Phacelia tanacetifolia. When bees forage for pollen and nectar from flowers, they may be exposed to insecticides which are then fed to their offspring. Paint markings on the bee help researchers differentiate bees to measure nesting behavior and reproduction.They found that each exposure reduced fertility, and that this added up.
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