Confounding pre-war predictions, Russia’s cyber offensive against Ukraine has proven unprepared, uncoordinated and unable to overcome a well-prepared, flexible series of Ukrainian defenses that have relied on experience and expertise.
Kyiv has been widely assisted by overseas IT partners from both public and private sectors, while its ability to call on a dense network of civilian specialists has provided critical civilian-military coordination in cyber warfare, experts said.
“We saw a lot of malware, but it was a limited arsenal and it takes time to rebuild that capacity,” the source said. “They used it up in the first few weeks and exposed it.” But Russian incompetence is just one side of the coin, conference attendees said. Ukraine’s forces have displayed unexpected competence, enlisting non-state and non-national actors to carry out unconventional strategies that have repeatedly taken the enemy by surprise.
While Western arms aid — from anti-tank missiles and long-range artillery to, more recently, heavy armor — was carried out openly, cyber support has been offered on a much more low-key basis. Ukraine also opened up its networks to international partners in real-time, allowing them to identify threats and assist Ukraine more quickly.
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