The 13th Amendment abolished slavery in the United States in 1865, with one exception: compulsory labor in prisons. Nearly 160 years later, the U.S. is one of only 17 countries that still impose compulsory work, according to a report released this week.
The category encompasses state-sanctioned forced labor in militaries, fields, factories and prisons. In many U.S. prisons, inmates are compelled to work for far below minimum wage and without other legal protections.
Worldwide, government authorities forced some 3.9 million people to work in 2021 — among some 50 million people enslaved in involuntary labor or marriage, according to estimates in the report, produced in collaboration with the United Nations’ International Labor Organization and International Organization for Migration.
Within these broader categories, state-imposed labor “is one of the forms of modern slavery that could be addressed relatively quickly as it’s about state policies,” she said. Eritrea has mandatory — and indefinite — conscription for all males between 18 and 40. According to a, “the indefinite duration of national service, its terrible conditions — including arbitrary detention, torture, sexual torture, forced labour, absence of leave and the ludicrous pay … make national service an institution where slavery-like practices are routine.”
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