Scientists in China say the ancient victim may have run afoul of the harsh “five punishments” system
, these punishments served as advertisements of power and permanently associated victims with criminality. Those who suffered under the Five Punishments, writes Chapman, were placed on display: those who were tattooed were sent to guard the gates. Those whose feet were amputated had to guard the gardens.
The use of bodily mutilation as a punishment for crimes is hardly unique to ancient China. In the Roman period, for example, facial tattoos were used to mark enslaved people who tried to self-emancipate . Nasal amputation was employed in ancient Iraq, Egypt, India, and Israel. Itin the Byzantine and Medieval periods. In 695 A.D. Emperor Justinian II was usurped and disfigured by having his nose sliced off.
The association of criminality and the amputation of body parts is most well-known from the Hebrew Bible axiom “
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