Neuroscientists and sound designers explain the Shepard tone—an auditory illusion that makes listeners feel like they're flying or sinking.
The illusion is a loop of a series of tones exactly one octave apart, explains, director of the Centre for Integrative Neuroscience at the University of Oxford. “The lowest and highest frequencies are barely audible and the middle ones are louder,” he says. As the quieter, similar sounds at the beginnings and ends of the scale fade into each other, all we really perceive is the smooth sequence of sounds in between, which “produces the illusion of an endlessly rising [or falling] pitch.
used the Shepard principle and a variant known as the Shepard–Risset glissando in which the tones glide up or down ad infinitum. As the film’s protagonist, Maverick, incrementally accelerated the Darkstar experimental jet towards Mach 10, Nelson extended the jet sound effect with the looping octave underneath: “It’s very suspenseful as we tick faster and faster.”
“I love using tonality in sound design—as an alternative to static, noise-based sounds,” Nelson says. “Sometimes we add tonality to a specific story event: a distant factory, hi-tech machinery such as spaceships or other modern vehicles, even subjective events like tinnitus moments. It’s not uncommon to add a tonality to ambiances to create eerie, fantastic sonic environments.
Like all good illusions, some aspects of this aural trick are still shrouded in mystery, particularly the neurological basis for its emotional impact. Emotions can be driven by a psychological concept called musical expectancy—the human mechanism that moves the listener to predict what plays next.
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